Conversation in English

 

English Conversation – Music and Playing an Instrument

B1–B2

Speaking practice

Objective: Practise talking about past experiences, present habits, personal interests and future plans using different verb tenses.

1. Getting started – Past experiences

Focus: Simple Past, Past Continuous, Used to

1. When did you first become interested in music?

2. What kind of music did you listen to when you were a child?

3. Did anyone in your family influence your musical interests?

4. When did you start playing a musical instrument?

5. Why did you choose that particular instrument?

6. Did you take music lessons or did you learn by yourself?

7. What was the first song you learned to play?

8. How did you feel when you played an instrument for the first time?

9. Did you use to listen to music more often when you were younger?

10. What was your favourite band or singer when you were a teenager?

11. Have you ever performed in front of an audience?

12. What was the most difficult thing you had to learn when you started playing?

13. Have you ever stopped playing an instrument for a long period? Why?

14. What musical experience do you remember most clearly?

15. If you could go back in time, would you change anything about your musical journey?

2. Music in your everyday life – Present

Focus: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect

16. How important is music in your daily life?

17. How often do you play your instrument?

18. What kind of music do you usually listen to?

19. Do you prefer listening to music or playing it?

20. Where do you normally practise?

21. How much time do you spend practising every week?

22. Do you usually play songs by other artists or create your own music?

23. Are you currently learning any new songs?

24. What is the most challenging aspect of playing your instrument?

25. Do you prefer practising alone or playing with other musicians?

26. Have you improved your musical skills recently?

27. Have you ever recorded yourself playing? What did you think about the result?

28. Do you use YouTube or other online resources to learn music?

29. How do you choose which songs you want to learn?

30. What role does music play when you are feeling stressed or tired?

31. Do you think you are a disciplined musician? Why or why not?

32. What would you like to improve about your musical abilities?

3. Musical preferences and opinions

Focus: Comparatives, modal verbs, giving opinions and justifications

33. What makes a song really good in your opinion?

34. Do you think musical talent is natural or can it be developed through practice?

35. Is it easier to learn an instrument as a child or as an adult?

36. Do you think people need music in their lives?

37. What is more important: technical ability or creativity?

38. Do you think technology has made learning music easier?

39. How has streaming changed the way people discover music?

40. Do you think amateur musicians can become as passionate as professional musicians?

41. Would you rather play in a band or perform solo? Why?

42. What makes a musician interesting or inspiring?

43. Do you think learning an instrument improves memory and concentration?

44. Is it better to practise for 15 minutes every day or for two hours once a week?

4. Future musical plans

Focus: Will, Going to, Present Continuous for future arrangements, First Conditional

45. What would you like to achieve as a musician in the next year?

46. Are you going to learn another musical instrument?

47. What songs are you planning to learn in the near future?

48. Would you like to take professional music lessons?

49. Do you think you will ever perform in front of a large audience?

50. Are you planning to join a band or play with other musicians?

51. What musical skills are you going to focus on improving?

52. If you had more free time, how would you use it to improve your musical abilities?

53. If you could play any instrument perfectly, which one would you choose?

54. Would you like to record your own songs one day?

55. Where do you see yourself musically in five years?

56. Do you think music will continue to be an important part of your life in the future?

57. What musical dream would you really like to accomplish?

58. If you could collaborate with any famous musician, who would you choose?

59. What will you do if you lose motivation to practise?

60. What would you like people to think or feel when they listen to you playing?

5. Extra challenge – Tell your musical story

Ask the student to speak for approximately 3–5 minutes, connecting the three periods of time.

My musical journey

Part 1 – The past

Describe how you became interested in music, when you started playing an instrument and what your first experiences were like.

Part 2 – The present

Explain what kind of music you enjoy, how often you practise and what you can currently do with your instrument.

Part 3 – The future

Talk about your musical ambitions, what you want to learn and where you hope to be in five years.

6. Useful vocabulary for the conversation

English	Português
To play an instrument	Tocar um instrumento
To practise regularly	Praticar regularmente
To learn by ear	Aprender de ouvido
To read sheet music	Ler partituras
To compose a song	Compor uma música
To perform live	Tocar ao vivo
To join a band	Entrar em uma banda
To improve one's skills	Melhorar as habilidades
To keep the rhythm	Manter o ritmo
To play by yourself	Tocar sozinho
To master an instrument	Dominar um instrumento
To be self-taught	Ser autodidata
To rehearse	Ensaiar
To make progress	Progredir
To get better at something	Melhorar em algo

Teaching suggestion: Ask the student to answer using at least three sentences per question. Encourage them to give examples and explain their opinions. Correct especially the use of Simple Past, Present Perfect, Present Simple and future constructions.

English Conversation – Video Games and Gaming

B1–B2

Speaking practice

Objective: Practise talking about past experiences, present habits, personal interests, opinions and future plans using different English verb tenses.

1. Getting started – Past experiences

Focus: Simple Past, Past Continuous, Used to

1. When did you start playing video games?

2. What was the first video game you ever played?

3. What was your favourite game when you were a child?

4. Did you use to play video games with your friends or by yourself?

5. Who introduced you to the world of video games?

6. What was your first gaming console?

7. Did you use to spend a lot of time playing video games when you were younger?

8. What games were popular among your friends when you were a teenager?

9. Can you remember the first time you completed a difficult game?

10. What was the most challenging game you played as a child?

11. Have you ever spent an entire night playing video games?

12. Have you ever bought a game that disappointed you?

13. What was the best gaming experience you had in the past?

14. Have your gaming preferences changed since you were younger?

15. If you could play one childhood game again for the first time, which one would you choose?

2. Gaming in your everyday life – Present

Focus: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect

16. How often do you play video games nowadays?

17. How many hours do you normally spend gaming every week?

18. What types of games do you enjoy the most?

19. Do you prefer playing on a PC, console or mobile phone?

20. Do you usually play online or offline?

21. Do you prefer single-player or multiplayer games?

22. Are you currently playing any interesting games?

23. What is the last game you have played?

24. Have you played any particularly challenging games recently?

25. Do you usually finish the games you start?

26. Do you prefer competitive games or games with interesting stories?

27. Do you follow gaming channels or streamers on YouTube or Twitch?

28. Do you usually buy games when they are released or wait for discounts?

29. How do you decide whether a game is worth buying?

30. Do you play video games to relax or to challenge yourself?

31. Do you have friends who share your interest in gaming?

32. What makes you lose interest in a video game?

33. How important are graphics when you choose a game?

34. Do you think the story is more important than the gameplay?

35. Have video games become an important part of your lifestyle?

3. Gaming preferences and opinions

Focus: Comparatives, Modal Verbs, Giving Opinions and Justifications

36. What makes a video game really enjoyable?

37. Do you think video games are a waste of time?

38. Can playing video games improve problem-solving skills?

39. Do you think violent video games influence people's behaviour?

40. Are video games a good way to develop friendships?

41. Is playing online with strangers a positive or negative experience?

42. Do you think professional gamers should be considered athletes?

43. Why do some people become addicted to video games?

44. Do you think older video games were better than modern ones?

45. Is it better to play games with realistic graphics or creative designs?

46. Do you think mobile games are as good as console games?

47. What is more important in a multiplayer game: individual skill or teamwork?

48. Should parents limit the amount of time children spend playing video games?

49. Do you think video games can be educational?

50. How have video games changed the entertainment industry?

51. Would you rather play a difficult game with excellent gameplay or an easy game with amazing graphics?

52. Do you think artificial intelligence will change the gaming industry?

4. Future gaming plans and expectations

Focus: Will, Going to, Present Continuous for future arrangements, First Conditional

53. What games are you planning to play in the near future?

54. Are you going to buy a new console or upgrade your computer?

55. Is there a game you are particularly excited about?

56. What kind of games would you like to see developed in the future?

57. Do you think you will continue playing video games when you are older?

58. Would you like to become a professional gamer or game developer?

59. Are you planning to spend more or less time playing video games?

60. What improvements would you like to see in future games?

61. Do you think virtual reality will become more popular?

62. How do you think video games will look in 20 years?

63. If you could create your own video game, what would it be about?

64. If you had an unlimited budget, what gaming equipment would you buy?

65. If you could enter the world of any video game, which one would you choose?

66. What will happen to traditional gaming consoles in the future?

67. Do you think people will eventually play games mainly using virtual reality?

68. What gaming achievement would you like to accomplish in the future?

5. Extra challenge – Tell your gaming story

Ask the student to speak for approximately 3–5 minutes, connecting past, present and future.

My life as a gamer

Part 1 – The past

Describe when you started playing video games, what your first games were and how your interests developed over the years.

Part 2 – The present

Explain what games you currently enjoy, how often you play, which platforms you use and what you like most about gaming.

Part 3 – The future

Talk about the games you want to play, the equipment you would like to buy and how you think gaming will change in the future.

6. Useful vocabulary for the conversation

English	Português
Video game	Videogame / jogo eletrônico
Gaming console	Console de videogame
Controller	Controle
Gameplay	Jogabilidade
Multiplayer	Multijogador
Single-player	Um jogador
Online gaming	Jogos online
Gaming experience	Experiência de jogo
To level up	Subir de nível
To unlock achievements	Desbloquear conquistas
To beat a game	Zerar um jogo
To defeat an enemy	Derrotar um inimigo
To complete a mission	Completar uma missão
To improve your skills	Melhorar suas habilidades
To get stuck	Ficar preso em uma fase
To download a game	Baixar um jogo
To release a game	Lançar um jogo
Gaming community	Comunidade gamer
Virtual reality	Realidade virtual
Game developer	Desenvolvedor de jogos
To team up	Formar uma equipe
To compete against someone	Competir contra alguém

7. Grammar challenge – Use different tenses

Peça ao aluno para responder às seguintes perguntas utilizando obrigatoriamente a estrutura indicada.

Question	Required structure
What game did you play yesterday?	Simple Past
What games did you use to play as a child?	Used to
How often do you play nowadays?	Present Simple
What game are you playing at the moment?	Present Continuous
Have you ever completed a very difficult game?	Present Perfect
What are you going to play this weekend?	Going to
What games do you think will become popular?	Will
If you had more free time, what would you play?	Second Conditional

Teaching suggestion: Encourage the student to give answers of at least 3–4 sentences, explain their opinions and provide examples. This will help develop fluency while practising past, present and future forms.

English Conversation – Sports, Fitness and Going to the Gym

B1–B2

Speaking practice

Objective: Practise talking about past experiences, current exercise routines, sports preferences, health, fitness goals and future plans using different English verb tenses.

1. Getting started – Past experiences

Focus: Simple Past, Past Continuous, Used to

1. Did you play any sports when you were a child?

2. What was your favourite sport when you were younger?

3. When did you first become interested in physical exercise?

4. Did your parents encourage you to practise sports?

5. Did you use to play sports at school?

6. Have you ever participated in a sports competition?

7. What was the most difficult physical activity you tried?

8. When did you first start going to the gym?

9. What motivated you to start exercising?

10. Did you use to be more physically active when you were younger?

11. Have you ever stopped exercising for several months? Why?

12. Have you ever had a bad experience at the gym?

13. What was your biggest sporting achievement?

14. Have your fitness goals changed over the years?

15. If you could go back in time, would you change anything about your exercise habits?

2. Your current routine – Present

Focus: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect

16. How often do you exercise nowadays?

17. Do you prefer going to the gym or practising sports outdoors?

18. How many days a week do you normally work out?

19. What kind of physical activities do you enjoy the most?

20. Do you prefer lifting weights or doing cardiovascular exercise?

21. What exercises do you usually include in your workout?

22. Are you currently following a specific training programme?

23. How much time do you usually spend at the gym?

24. Do you prefer exercising in the morning or in the evening?

25. Do you normally train alone or with a partner?

26. Have you noticed any improvements in your physical condition recently?

27. Have you ever tried activities such as CrossFit, Pilates or martial arts?

28. How important is nutrition for your fitness goals?

29. Do you follow a specific diet to improve your physical performance?

30. What do you usually eat before and after exercising?

31. How do you motivate yourself when you don't feel like training?

32. Do you prefer short and intense workouts or longer training sessions?

33. Are you currently trying to lose weight, build muscle or improve your endurance?

34. How important is sleep for your physical recovery?

35. What is the most difficult part of maintaining a regular exercise routine?

3. Sports, fitness and opinions

Focus: Comparatives, Modal Verbs, Giving Opinions and Justifications

36. Which sport do you think requires the highest level of physical fitness?

37. Do you think going to the gym is enough to maintain good health?

38. Is it better to exercise alone or with other people?

39. Do you think professional athletes have healthier lifestyles than ordinary people?

40. Why do some people find it difficult to maintain an exercise routine?

41. Do you think people should start exercising at an early age?

42. Is weight training more important than cardiovascular exercise?

43. Can regular physical exercise improve mental health?

44. Do you think walking is an effective way to improve physical fitness?

45. What is more important: strength, flexibility or endurance?

46. Should schools dedicate more time to physical education?

47. Do you think social media creates unrealistic expectations about people's bodies?

48. Is it better to train with a personal trainer or follow your own programme?

49. Why do some people become obsessed with their physical appearance?

50. Do you think technology has made people more or less physically active?

51. Can someone be healthy without practising sports?

52. Do you think older people should follow different exercise routines?

53. What are the advantages and disadvantages of exercising at home?

54. Do you think discipline is more important than motivation when it comes to fitness?

4. Future fitness goals and plans

Focus: Will, Going to, Present Continuous for future arrangements, First Conditional

55. What are your main fitness goals for the next six months?

56. Are you going to change your exercise routine in the near future?

57. What new sport or physical activity would you like to try?

58. Are you planning to increase the number of days you exercise?

59. Do you think you will continue going to the gym when you are older?

60. Would you like to participate in a marathon or another sporting competition?

61. What physical abilities would you like to improve?

62. Are you going to change your diet to achieve your fitness goals?

63. What would you do if you had more free time to exercise?

64. If you could become an expert in any sport, which one would you choose?

65. Do you think you will become stronger or fitter over the next year?

66. How do you imagine your physical condition in five years?

67. What will happen if people continue living increasingly sedentary lifestyles?

68. If you could build your own gym, what equipment would you include?

69. What will you do if you lose motivation to exercise?

70. What would you like to achieve physically that you haven't achieved yet?

5. Extra challenge – Tell your fitness story

Ask the student to speak for approximately 3–5 minutes, connecting past, present and future.

My relationship with sports and fitness

Part 1 – The past

Describe your experiences with sports when you were younger. Explain when you started exercising and what motivated you.

Part 2 – The present

Describe your current exercise routine, the activities you enjoy, your eating habits and your fitness goals.

Part 3 – The future

Talk about your future fitness goals, the sports you would like to try and the physical achievements you hope to accomplish.

6. Useful vocabulary – Sports and fitness

English	Português
Workout	Treino
Weight training	Musculação
Strength training	Treinamento de força
Cardiovascular exercise	Exercício cardiovascular
Treadmill	Esteira
Dumbbells	Halteres
Barbells	Barras
Weightlifting	Levantamento de peso
Squats	Agachamentos
Push-ups	Flexões
Pull-ups	Barra fixa
Bench press	Supino
Warm-up	Aquecimento
Stretching	Alongamento
Muscle soreness	Dor muscular
Muscle recovery	Recuperação muscular
Endurance	Resistência
Flexibility	Flexibilidade
Stamina	Vigor / resistência física
To build muscle	Ganhar massa muscular
To lose weight	Perder peso
To gain strength	Ganhar força
To burn calories	Queimar calorias
To stay in shape	Manter a forma
To work out	Treinar
To lift weights	Levantar pesos
To follow a routine	Seguir uma rotina
To reach a goal	Alcançar um objetivo

7. Grammar challenge – Practising different tenses

Peça ao aluno para responder utilizando obrigatoriamente a estrutura indicada.

Question	Required structure
What sports did you play when you were younger?	Simple Past
Did you use to exercise regularly as a teenager?	Used to
How often do you work out nowadays?	Present Simple
Are you following a specific workout programme?	Present Continuous
Have you ever participated in a competition?	Present Perfect
What are you going to change about your routine?	Going to
How will technology change the fitness industry?	Will
If you had more time, what sport would you practise?	Second Conditional

8. Speaking challenge – Situations to discuss

Estas situações permitem que o aluno desenvolva respostas mais longas e utilize vocabulário específico.

1. Lack of motivation: Your friend wants to start exercising but always makes excuses. What advice would you give?

2. Choosing a sport: You have to choose between swimming, running and weight training. Which one would you choose and why?

3. A sedentary lifestyle: Your colleague spends eight hours sitting at a desk every day. What changes should they make?

4. Fitness goals: You have six months to improve your physical condition. What would your plan look like?

5. Gym problems: Your gym is becoming too expensive. Would you train at home or look for another gym?

Teaching suggestion: Ask the student to give answers of at least 3–4 sentences. Encourage the use of examples, explanations and comparisons. Pay special attention to Simple Past, Present Perfect, Present Simple, future forms and modal verbs such as should, could, must and might.

 

Conectores em inglês – Nível B2/C1

English Linking Words and Connectors

Os conectores (linking words ou connectors) são palavras e expressões utilizadas para estabelecer relações entre frases, orações e parágrafos.

No nível B2/C1, é importante não apenas conhecer os conectores, mas também compreender:

• A relação lógica que estabelecem entre as ideias.

• As diferenças de significado entre conectores semelhantes.

• As estruturas gramaticais que exigem.

• O grau de formalidade de cada expressão.

• Como utilizá-los em textos acadêmicos, profissionais e conversações.

Vamos estudar os principais grupos, com exemplos traduzidos.

1. Addition – Adição

Utilizamos esses conectores para acrescentar informações, argumentos ou ideias.

Conector	Tradução
Furthermore	Além disso
Moreover	Além disso; ademais
In addition	Além disso
Additionally	Adicionalmente
Besides	Além disso
What is more	Além do mais
As well as	Assim como; além de
Not only... but also	Não apenas... mas também
On top of that	Além disso; para completar
Likewise	Da mesma forma
Similarly	Similarmente; de maneira semelhante

Explicações e exemplos

Furthermore

Utilizado para acrescentar uma informação que reforça o argumento anterior. É comum em textos formais e acadêmicos.

- The company offers competitive salaries. Furthermore, it provides excellent opportunities for professional development.

A empresa oferece salários competitivos. Além disso, proporciona excelentes oportunidades de desenvolvimento profissional.

Moreover

Muito semelhante a furthermore, mas frequentemente introduz um argumento adicional que reforça ainda mais a ideia anterior.

- The new system is more efficient. Moreover, it significantly reduces operational costs.

O novo sistema é mais eficiente. Além disso, reduz significativamente os custos operacionais.

In addition

Apresenta uma informação adicional, sem necessariamente indicar que ela é mais importante.

- In addition to learning English, she is studying French.

Além de aprender inglês, ela está estudando francês.

Besides

Pode significar "além disso" ou "fora isso". É bastante comum na comunicação cotidiana.

- I don't want to go out. Besides, I have a lot of work to do.

Não quero sair. Além disso, tenho muito trabalho para fazer.

As well as

Significa "assim como" ou "além de". Quando seguido de verbo, normalmente utilizamos a forma -ing.

- She speaks Spanish as well as English.

Ela fala espanhol assim como inglês.

- As well as working full-time, he attends university.

Além de trabalhar em período integral, ele frequenta a universidade.

Not only... but also

Utilizado para enfatizar a presença de duas características ou situações.

- She is not only intelligent but also extremely hardworking.

Ela não é apenas inteligente, mas também extremamente dedicada.

Quando not only inicia uma oração, podemos utilizar inversão:

- Not only did he lose his job, but he also lost his savings.

Ele não apenas perdeu o emprego, mas também perdeu suas economias.

2. Contrast – Contraste e oposição

Esses conectores estabelecem oposição entre duas ideias ou apresentam informações que contrastam.

Conector	Tradução
However	Entretanto; no entanto
Nevertheless	Mesmo assim; não obstante
Nonetheless	Mesmo assim
Although	Embora
Even though	Embora; apesar de
Though	Embora; porém
Whereas	Enquanto; ao passo que
While	Enquanto; embora
In contrast	Em contraste
On the other hand	Por outro lado
Conversely	Inversamente
Despite	Apesar de
In spite of	Apesar de
Unlike	Diferentemente de
By contrast	Em contraste

Explicações e exemplos

However

É um dos conectores mais utilizados para apresentar uma ideia contrária à anterior.

- The project was expensive. However, it was extremely successful.

O projeto foi caro. Entretanto, foi extremamente bem-sucedido.

Atenção: however não deve ser utilizado diretamente para unir duas orações independentes apenas com uma vírgula.

Nevertheless / Nonetheless

Ambos significam "mesmo assim" ou "não obstante". São mais formais e enfatizam que determinada situação aconteceu apesar de uma dificuldade ou obstáculo.

- The weather was terrible. Nevertheless, they decided to continue the journey.

O tempo estava péssimo. Mesmo assim, eles decidiram continuar a viagem.

Although / Even though / Though

Os três introduzem uma oração com contraste e são seguidos de sujeito + verbo.

- Although he was exhausted, he continued working.

Embora estivesse exausto, continuou trabalhando.

- Even though she had very little experience, she got the job.

Embora tivesse pouquíssima experiência, conseguiu o emprego.

- The restaurant was expensive. I enjoyed the meal, though.

O restaurante era caro. Gostei da refeição, porém.

Even though geralmente enfatiza mais o contraste do que although.

Whereas

Utilizado para comparar duas situações diferentes, frequentemente em textos argumentativos.

- Some people prefer working independently, whereas others perform better in teams.

Algumas pessoas preferem trabalhar de maneira independente, enquanto outras têm um desempenho melhor em equipes.

While

Pode significar "enquanto" ou introduzir um contraste semelhante a although e whereas.

- While technology offers numerous benefits, it also creates significant challenges.

Embora a tecnologia ofereça inúmeros benefícios, também cria desafios significativos.

Despite / In spite of

Significam "apesar de".

São seguidos de substantivo, pronome ou verbo com -ing.

- Despite the difficulties, they managed to complete the project.

Apesar das dificuldades, conseguiram concluir o projeto.

- In spite of being tired, she continued studying.

Apesar de estar cansada, ela continuou estudando.

Também podemos utilizar:

- Despite the fact that he was ill, he went to work.

Apesar do fato de que estava doente, foi trabalhar.

Atenção

Não confunda:

• Although he was tired, he continued working.

• Despite being tired, he continued working.

Não utilizamos although + substantivo diretamente, nem despite + sujeito + verbo sem a estrutura the fact that.

3. Cause and Effect – Causa e consequência

Esses conectores indicam que determinada situação é resultado de outra.

Conector	Tradução
Therefore	Portanto
Consequently	Consequentemente
As a result	Como resultado
Thus	Assim; portanto
Hence	Daí; portanto
Accordingly	Consequentemente; de acordo com isso
For this reason	Por essa razão
Due to	Devido a
Owing to	Devido a
Because of	Por causa de
As a consequence	Como consequência
Thereby	Dessa maneira; assim
As a result of	Como resultado de

Explicações e exemplos

Therefore

Indica uma conclusão lógica ou consequência.

- The company failed to meet its targets. Therefore, several employees were dismissed.

A empresa não conseguiu atingir suas metas. Portanto, vários funcionários foram demitidos.

Consequently

Enfatiza a consequência de uma ação ou acontecimento.

- The government reduced public spending. Consequently, several social programs were affected.

O governo reduziu os gastos públicos. Consequentemente, vários programas sociais foram afetados.

As a result

Introduz o resultado de uma situação.

- He neglected his responsibilities. As a result, he lost his position.

Ele negligenciou suas responsabilidades. Como resultado, perdeu seu cargo.

Thus

Muito utilizado em textos acadêmicos e argumentativos.

- The experiment produced inconsistent results. Thus, further research is necessary.

O experimento produziu resultados inconsistentes. Portanto, pesquisas adicionais são necessárias.

Hence

Tem um significado semelhante a therefore, mas apresenta um tom mais formal.

- The demand has increased considerably, hence the need for additional investment.

A demanda aumentou consideravelmente, daí a necessidade de investimentos adicionais.

Due to / Owing to / Because of

Os três indicam causa e são seguidos de substantivo ou expressão nominal.

- The flight was cancelled due to bad weather.

O voo foi cancelado devido ao mau tempo.

- Owing to financial difficulties, the company had to reduce its workforce.

Devido a dificuldades financeiras, a empresa teve que reduzir seu quadro de funcionários.

- The match was postponed because of heavy rain.

A partida foi adiada por causa da chuva intensa.

Thereby

Significa "dessa maneira", indicando que uma ação produz determinado resultado.

- The company invested in automation, thereby increasing productivity.

A empresa investiu em automação, aumentando assim a produtividade.

4. Purpose – Finalidade e objetivo

Utilizamos esses conectores para explicar a finalidade de uma ação.

Conector	Tradução
In order to	A fim de
So as to	Para; a fim de
So that	Para que
In order that	A fim de que
With the aim of	Com o objetivo de
For the purpose of	Com a finalidade de
With a view to	Com vistas a
Lest	Para que não; a fim de evitar que

Explicações e exemplos

In order to

É seguido de verbo no infinitivo.

- She enrolled in an advanced course in order to improve her academic writing.

Ela se matriculou em um curso avançado a fim de melhorar sua escrita acadêmica.

So as to

Também é seguido de infinitivo e apresenta um tom um pouco mais formal.

- He left early so as to avoid traffic.

Ele saiu cedo para evitar o trânsito.

So that

É seguido de sujeito + verbo. Geralmente utilizamos can, could, will ou would dependendo do contexto.

- I am studying English so that I can apply for international positions.

Estou estudando inglês para que possa me candidatar a vagas internacionais.

- She spoke slowly so that everyone could understand her.

Ela falou devagar para que todos pudessem entendê-la.

With the aim of

É seguido de substantivo ou verbo com -ing.

- The government introduced new policies with the aim of reducing unemployment.

O governo introduziu novas políticas com o objetivo de reduzir o desemprego.

With a view to

Expressão formal, seguida de substantivo ou verbo com -ing.

- The company is restructuring its operations with a view to improving efficiency.

A empresa está reestruturando suas operações com vistas a melhorar a eficiência.

5. Exemplification – Exemplificação

Utilizados para introduzir exemplos e esclarecer argumentos.

Conector	Tradução
For example	Por exemplo
For instance	Por exemplo
Such as	Como; tais como
Namely	A saber; especificamente
In particular	Em particular
To illustrate	Para ilustrar
A case in point	Um exemplo pertinente
To give an example	Para dar um exemplo

Exemplos

For example / For instance

- Many people struggle with concentration. For example, they find it difficult to read for long periods.

Muitas pessoas têm dificuldade de concentração. Por exemplo, acham difícil ler durante longos períodos.

Such as

Utilizado antes de exemplos que pertencem a uma categoria.

- Several European countries, such as Spain, France and Germany, attract millions of tourists every year.

Vários países europeus, como Espanha, França e Alemanha, atraem milhões de turistas todos os anos.

Namely

Introduz informações específicas que identificam algo mencionado anteriormente.

- Two factors contributed to the failure, namely poor planning and inadequate funding.

Dois fatores contribuíram para o fracasso, a saber, planejamento inadequado e financiamento insuficiente.

A case in point

Expressão idiomática utilizada para introduzir um exemplo que demonstra claramente determinada afirmação.

- Many businesses have struggled to adapt to digital transformation. A case in point is the traditional retail sector.

Muitas empresas tiveram dificuldades para se adaptar à transformação digital. Um exemplo pertinente é o setor tradicional do varejo.

6. Sequence and Order – Sequência e ordem

Utilizamos esses conectores para organizar ideias, acontecimentos e argumentos.

Conector	Tradução
Firstly	Primeiramente
First and foremost	Antes de tudo
To begin with	Para começar
Subsequently	Posteriormente
Afterwards	Depois
Thereafter	A partir de então
Meanwhile	Enquanto isso
In the meantime	Nesse meio-tempo
Eventually	Finalmente; com o tempo
Ultimately	Em última análise; finalmente
Finally	Finalmente
Last but not least	Por último, mas não menos importante
Prior to	Antes de
Following	Após; na sequência de

Exemplos

Subsequently

Indica que algo aconteceu depois de outro acontecimento.

- He completed his degree and subsequently moved abroad.

Ele concluiu sua graduação e posteriormente se mudou para o exterior.

Meanwhile

Indica que duas situações acontecem simultaneamente.

- The marketing team was preparing the campaign. Meanwhile, the sales department was contacting potential clients.

A equipe de marketing estava preparando a campanha. Enquanto isso, o departamento de vendas estava entrando em contato com potenciais clientes.

Eventually

Indica que algo aconteceu depois de algum tempo ou de várias tentativas.

- After several unsuccessful attempts, they eventually found a solution.

Depois de várias tentativas malsucedidas, finalmente encontraram uma solução.

Ultimately

Apresenta o resultado final ou a conclusão mais importante de uma situação.

- Ultimately, the success of the project depends on effective communication.

Em última análise, o sucesso do projeto depende de uma comunicação eficaz.

Prior to

Significa "antes de" e é mais formal do que before.

- All participants must register prior to attending the conference.

Todos os participantes devem se inscrever antes de participar da conferência.

7. Concession – Concessão

Os conectores de concessão introduzem uma informação que reconhece um fato, mas que não impede a conclusão principal.

São especialmente importantes em redações argumentativas de nível C1.

Conector	Tradução
Even so	Mesmo assim
Nevertheless	Não obstante
Nonetheless	Mesmo assim
Admittedly	É verdade que; reconhecidamente
Granted	Admitindo que
Despite this	Apesar disso
Regardless of	Independentemente de
Even if	Mesmo se
Much as	Por mais que
Albeit	Embora; ainda que

Explicações e exemplos

Admittedly

Reconhece que uma afirmação é verdadeira, mas apresenta uma ressalva.

- Admittedly, online education offers flexibility. However, it may lack the interaction found in traditional classrooms.

É verdade que a educação on-line oferece flexibilidade. Entretanto, pode não proporcionar a interação encontrada nas salas de aula tradicionais.

Granted

Utilizado para admitir parcialmente um argumento antes de apresentar uma contraposição.

- Granted, the proposal is expensive, but the long-term benefits may justify the investment.

Admitidamente, a proposta é cara, mas os benefícios a longo prazo podem justificar o investimento.

Regardless of

Significa "independentemente de".

- Everyone should have access to education, regardless of their financial circumstances.

Todos deveriam ter acesso à educação, independentemente de suas condições financeiras.

Even if

Expressa uma condição hipotética que não altera a conclusão.

- Even if we fail, we will have learned something valuable.

Mesmo se fracassarmos, teremos aprendido algo valioso.

Albeit

É uma expressão mais formal, geralmente seguida de adjetivo, advérbio ou expressão nominal.

- The solution was effective, albeit expensive.

A solução foi eficaz, embora cara.

- He accepted the offer, albeit reluctantly.

Ele aceitou a proposta, embora com relutância.

Much as

Expressa concessão, frequentemente com o sentido de "por mais que".

- Much as I admire his work, I disagree with his conclusions.

Por mais que eu admire o trabalho dele, discordo de suas conclusões.

8. Condition – Condição

Utilizamos esses conectores para estabelecer condições necessárias para que algo aconteça.

Conector	Tradução
Provided that	Desde que
Providing that	Desde que
As long as	Desde que
On condition that	Sob a condição de que
Unless	A menos que
Otherwise	Caso contrário
In case	Caso; por precaução
Even if	Mesmo se
Assuming that	Supondo que
Supposing that	Supondo que
Whether or not	Independentemente de

Exemplos

Provided that / Providing that

Expressam uma condição necessária.

- You can borrow my car provided that you return it before midnight.

Você pode pegar meu carro emprestado desde que o devolva antes da meia-noite.

As long as

Também significa "desde que", mas é bastante comum tanto na comunicação cotidiana quanto na escrita.

- You can stay here as long as you respect the rules.

Você pode ficar aqui desde que respeite as regras.

Unless

Significa "a menos que" e normalmente introduz uma condição negativa.

- We won't be able to finish the project unless we receive additional funding.

Não conseguiremos terminar o projeto a menos que recebamos financiamento adicional.

Otherwise

Significa "caso contrário".

- You should submit the application today. Otherwise, you may miss the deadline.

Você deveria enviar a inscrição hoje. Caso contrário, poderá perder o prazo.

In case

Indica uma precaução diante de uma possibilidade.

- Take an umbrella in case it rains.

Leve um guarda-chuva caso chova.

Compare:

- Take an umbrella in case it rains.

Leve um guarda-chuva por precaução, caso chova.

- Take an umbrella if it rains.

Leve um guarda-chuva se chover.

A primeira frase sugere uma precaução antecipada.

9. Comparison – Comparação

Utilizamos esses conectores para estabelecer semelhanças e diferenças.

Conector	Tradução
Similarly	De maneira semelhante
Likewise	Da mesma forma
In the same way	Da mesma maneira
Compared with	Comparado com
Compared to	Comparado a
In comparison with	Em comparação com
By comparison	Em comparação
Just as	Assim como
Equally	Igualmente
As opposed to	Em oposição a
Rather than	Em vez de

Exemplos

Similarly

- The first study focused on children. Similarly, the second examined the effects of technology on teenagers.

O primeiro estudo concentrou-se nas crianças. Da mesma forma, o segundo examinou os efeitos da tecnologia sobre os adolescentes.

Likewise

- Employees expect fair treatment. Likewise, employers expect commitment and professionalism.

Os funcionários esperam um tratamento justo. Da mesma forma, os empregadores esperam comprometimento e profissionalismo.

Compared with

- Compared with previous generations, young people spend considerably more time online.

Em comparação com as gerações anteriores, os jovens passam consideravelmente mais tempo on-line.

Rather than

Significa "em vez de" e pode ser seguido de substantivo ou verbo.

- Rather than complaining, we should look for practical solutions.

Em vez de reclamar, deveríamos procurar soluções práticas.

10. Emphasis – Ênfase

Esses conectores e expressões são utilizados para destacar informações importantes.

Expressão	Tradução
Indeed	De fato
In fact	Na verdade; de fato
Actually	Na verdade
Above all	Acima de tudo
Particularly	Particularmente
Especially	Especialmente
Undoubtedly	Sem dúvida
Certainly	Certamente
Clearly	Claramente
Most importantly	Mais importante ainda
It is worth noting that	Vale observar que
Needless to say	Nem é preciso dizer que
To a great extent	Em grande medida

Exemplos

Indeed

Confirma ou reforça uma afirmação.

- The results were impressive. Indeed, they exceeded everyone's expectations.

Os resultados foram impressionantes. De fato, superaram as expectativas de todos.

In fact

Introduz uma informação que esclarece, reforça ou corrige uma ideia anterior.

- Many people believe that learning a language becomes impossible after adulthood. In fact, adults can learn languages very successfully.

Muitas pessoas acreditam que aprender um idioma se torna impossível depois da idade adulta. Na verdade, os adultos podem aprender idiomas com muito sucesso.

Above all

Destaca o aspecto mais importante de uma situação.

- Above all, students need opportunities to communicate in real-life situations.

Acima de tudo, os alunos precisam de oportunidades para se comunicar em situações reais.

It is worth noting that

Expressão formal para chamar a atenção para uma informação relevante.

- It is worth noting that the study involved participants from different age groups.

Vale observar que o estudo envolveu participantes de diferentes faixas etárias.

11. Clarification and reformulation – Esclarecimento e reformulação

São utilizados para explicar uma ideia de outra maneira, torná-la mais clara ou especificar uma informação.

Conector	Tradução
In other words	Em outras palavras
That is to say	Isto é; ou seja
To put it differently	Colocando de outra maneira
More precisely	Mais precisamente
Namely	A saber
In particular	Em particular
Put simply	Simplificando
In essence	Em essência
Essentially	Essencialmente

Exemplos

In other words

- The company is experiencing financial difficulties. In other words, it is spending more money than it earns.

A empresa está enfrentando dificuldades financeiras. Em outras palavras, está gastando mais dinheiro do que ganha.

To put it differently

- The problem is not a lack of motivation. To put it differently, people simply don't have enough time.

O problema não é a falta de motivação. Colocando de outra maneira, as pessoas simplesmente não têm tempo suficiente.

More precisely

- The project will be completed next year, more precisely, in September.

O projeto será concluído no próximo ano, mais precisamente, em setembro.

In essence

- In essence, effective communication depends on clarity and mutual understanding.

Em essência, a comunicação eficaz depende da clareza e da compreensão mútua.

12. Conclusion – Conclusão

Utilizados para encerrar uma discussão, resumir argumentos ou apresentar uma conclusão.

Conector	Tradução
In conclusion	Em conclusão
To conclude	Para concluir
To sum up	Resumindo
In summary	Em resumo
Overall	De modo geral
All things considered	Considerando tudo
On balance	Considerando os prós e os contras
Ultimately	Em última análise
In short	Em poucas palavras
Taking everything into account	Levando tudo em consideração

Exemplos

Overall

- Overall, the advantages of online education outweigh its disadvantages.

De modo geral, as vantagens da educação on-line superam suas desvantagens.

All things considered

- All things considered, moving abroad was the right decision.

Considerando tudo, mudar para o exterior foi a decisão certa.

On balance

Utilizado quando avaliamos diferentes argumentos antes de chegar a uma conclusão.

- On balance, the benefits of the new policy outweigh the potential risks.

Considerando os prós e os contras, os benefícios da nova política superam os riscos potenciais.

13. Diferenças importantes entre conectores semelhantes

No nível B2/C1, conhecer as diferenças entre conectores que possuem traduções semelhantes é fundamental.

Conectores	Diferença
However / Although	However conecta ideias contrastantes; although introduz uma oração subordinada.
Despite / Although	Despite + substantivo ou -ing; although + sujeito + verbo.
Furthermore / Moreover	Ambos acrescentam argumentos; moreover frequentemente reforça a importância do argumento adicional.
Therefore / Nevertheless	Therefore indica consequência; nevertheless indica contraste.
Because / Because of	Because + oração; because of + substantivo.
So / So that	So pode indicar resultado; so that normalmente indica finalidade.
Eventually / Finally	Eventually enfatiza algo que aconteceu depois de algum tempo; finally pode indicar a última etapa ou o encerramento.
In fact / Actually	Ambos podem significar "na verdade", mas actually é muito comum para corrigir expectativas ou ideias.
While / Whereas	Ambos expressam contraste; whereas é especialmente utilizado para comparar duas situações.
Unless / If	Unless significa "a menos que"; if significa "se".

Compare as estruturas

1. Because / Because of

- I stayed home because I was sick.

Fiquei em casa porque estava doente.

- I stayed home because of my illness.

Fiquei em casa por causa da minha doença.

2. Although / Despite

- Although the exam was difficult, she passed.

Embora a prova fosse difícil, ela passou.

- Despite the difficulty of the exam, she passed.

Apesar da dificuldade da prova, ela passou.

3. Therefore / Nevertheless

- He didn't study. Therefore, he failed the exam.

Ele não estudou. Portanto, foi reprovado na prova.

- He didn't study. Nevertheless, he passed the exam.

Ele não estudou. Mesmo assim, passou na prova.

14. Texto demonstrativo – Utilização dos conectores em contexto

Leia o texto e observe como os conectores ajudam a organizar um argumento complexo.

The Impact of Technology on Education

Technology has significantly transformed the educational landscape over the last two decades. First and foremost, it has made information more accessible to students worldwide. Furthermore, digital platforms allow learners to study at their own pace and access a wide range of educational resources.

However, technological advancements also bring certain challenges. Although online education offers flexibility, it may reduce face-to-face interaction. Moreover, excessive screen time can negatively affect students' concentration and motivation.

Despite these challenges, technology remains an essential educational tool. For instance, interactive applications can help students develop problem-solving skills. As a result, learning can become more engaging and personalized.

Nevertheless, schools should ensure that technology is used responsibly. In addition, teachers need appropriate training to integrate digital resources effectively.

Ultimately, the success of technology in education depends not only on the tools available but also on how they are implemented. In conclusion, technology should complement traditional teaching methods rather than replace them entirely.

Tradução

O impacto da tecnologia na educação

A tecnologia transformou significativamente o cenário educacional nas últimas duas décadas. Antes de tudo, tornou as informações mais acessíveis aos estudantes em todo o mundo. Além disso, as plataformas digitais permitem que os alunos estudem em seu próprio ritmo e tenham acesso a uma ampla variedade de recursos educacionais.

Entretanto, os avanços tecnológicos também trazem determinados desafios. Embora a educação on-line ofereça flexibilidade, ela pode reduzir a interação presencial. Além disso, o tempo excessivo diante das telas pode afetar negativamente a concentração e a motivação dos estudantes.

Apesar desses desafios, a tecnologia continua sendo uma ferramenta educacional essencial. Por exemplo, os aplicativos interativos podem ajudar os alunos a desenvolver habilidades de resolução de problemas. Como resultado, a aprendizagem pode se tornar mais envolvente e personalizada.

Mesmo assim, as escolas devem garantir que a tecnologia seja utilizada de maneira responsável. Além disso, os professores precisam de treinamento adequado para integrar os recursos digitais de maneira eficaz.

Em última análise, o sucesso da tecnologia na educação depende não apenas das ferramentas disponíveis, mas também de como elas são implementadas. Em conclusão, a tecnologia deve complementar os métodos tradicionais de ensino, em vez de substituí-los completamente.

15. Atividades práticas – Nível B2/C1

Exercício 1 – Escolha o conector correto

1. The company experienced financial difficulties. ______, it had to reduce its workforce.

A) Nevertheless
B) Consequently
C) Although
D) Whereas

2. ______ being highly qualified, he failed to get the position.

A) Despite
B) Although
C) However
D) Therefore

3. The research was limited. ______, its findings were extremely relevant.

A) Consequently
B) Furthermore
C) Nevertheless
D) Therefore

4. She enrolled in an advanced course ______ improve her communication skills.

A) because
B) in order to
C) despite
D) whereas

5. Many people prefer working remotely, ______ others enjoy the office environment.

A) therefore
B) because
C) whereas
D) consequently

6. You should save your documents regularly. ______, you might lose important information.

A) Otherwise
B) Moreover
C) Although
D) Likewise

7. ______ the fact that he was exhausted, he continued working.

A) Despite
B) Although
C) In spite of
D) However

8. The company invested in new technology, ______ increasing productivity.

A) thereby
B) whereas
C) nevertheless
D) although

9. ______, the advantages of the new system outweigh its disadvantages.

A) In contrast
B) Overall
C) Nevertheless
D) Despite

10. Take some extra money ______ you need to pay for transportation.

A) unless
B) in case
C) although
D) whereas

Exercício 2 – Complete com o conector adequado

Utilize as palavras do quadro. Cada conector deve ser utilizado uma única vez.

BANCO DE PALAVRAS

Furthermore · Although · Therefore · Unless · In contrast · As a result · Nevertheless · In order to · For instance · Ultimately

1. ______ technology has many advantages, it can also create serious problems.

2. The company failed to meet its targets. ______, several employees lost their jobs.

3. You won't improve your English ______ you practise regularly.

4. The first study focused on adults. ______, the second examined children's learning habits.

5. She took an additional course ______ improve her professional qualifications.

6. The government introduced new measures. ______, unemployment decreased.

7. Learning vocabulary is important. ______, students should practise using new words in context.

8. Many countries face environmental challenges. ______, Brazil has experienced serious deforestation.

9. The journey was exhausting. ______, everyone enjoyed the experience.

10. ______, individual effort plays a crucial role in academic success.

Exercício 3 – Identifique e corrija os erros

Cada frase contém um erro no uso ou na estrutura do conector.

1. Despite he was tired, he continued working.

2. Although the bad weather, the event took place.

3. Because of she was ill, she missed the meeting.

4. He studied hard, however he didn't pass the exam.

5. Unless you don't study, you won't pass.

6. She took the course so that improve her English.

7. In spite of he had little experience, he got the job.

8. The company reduced its expenses, because of it increased profitability.

9. Despite of the difficulties, they completed the project.

10. He was tired. Nevertheless, of that, he continued working.

Exercício 4 – Traduza para o inglês

1. Embora estivesse muito cansado, ele decidiu continuar trabalhando.

2. Além disso, precisamos considerar os possíveis efeitos negativos dessa decisão.

3. A empresa investiu em tecnologia. Consequentemente, sua produtividade aumentou.

4. Você não conseguirá melhorar seu inglês a menos que pratique regularmente.

5. Apesar das dificuldades financeiras, eles conseguiram concluir o projeto.

6. Por outro lado, algumas pessoas acreditam que a tecnologia prejudica a interação social.

7. Em última análise, o sucesso depende da capacidade de adaptação.

8. Ela estudou bastante para que pudesse conseguir uma bolsa de estudos.

9. Por exemplo, muitos estudantes têm dificuldade para manter a concentração durante longos períodos.

10. Considerando todos os fatores, acredito que essa foi a melhor decisão.

Exercício 5 – Produção escrita C1

Escreva um texto argumentativo de aproximadamente 180–220 palavras sobre um dos temas abaixo.

Tema A: The advantages and disadvantages of remote working.

Tema B: The influence of social media on younger generations.

Tema C: Should artificial intelligence replace traditional teaching methods?

Tema D: Is university education still essential for professional success?

Regras:

• Utilize pelo menos 12 conectores diferentes.

• Inclua conectores de contraste, consequência, adição e conclusão.

• Evite repetir however, because e also excessivamente.

• Utilize pelo menos três conectores formais de nível C1.

• Apresente argumentos, exemplos e uma conclusão.

16. Gabarito

Exercício 1

Questão	Resposta
1	B – Consequently
2	A – Despite
3	C – Nevertheless
4	B – In order to
5	C – Whereas
6	A – Otherwise
7	C – In spite of
8	A – Thereby
9	B – Overall
10	B – In case

Exercício 2

1. Although

2. As a result

3. Unless

4. In contrast

5. In order to

6. As a result

7. Furthermore

8. For instance

9. Nevertheless

10. Ultimately

Observação: no exercício 2, há uma inconsistência no banco de palavras: "As a result" aparece duas vezes nas respostas, embora tenha sido apresentado uma única vez. Uma alternativa para a questão 6 é "Therefore", que também está no banco.

Exercício 3

1. Although he was tired, he continued working.

2. Despite the bad weather, the event took place.

3. Because she was ill, she missed the meeting.

4. He studied hard; however, he didn't pass the exam.

5. Unless you study, you won't pass.

6. She took the course so that she could improve her English.

7. Although he had little experience, he got the job.

8. The company reduced its expenses; as a result, it increased profitability.

9. Despite the difficulties, they completed the project.

10. He was tired. Nevertheless, he continued working.

Exercício 4 – Possíveis respostas

1. Although he was very tired, he decided to keep working.

2. Furthermore, we need to consider the possible negative effects of this decision.

3. The company invested in technology. Consequently, its productivity increased.

4. You won't be able to improve your English unless you practise regularly.

5. Despite the financial difficulties, they managed to complete the project.

6. On the other hand, some people believe that technology harms social interaction.

7. Ultimately, success depends on the ability to adapt.

8. She studied hard so that she could get a scholarship.

9. For instance, many students struggle to concentrate for long periods.

10. All things considered, I believe this was the best decision.

17. Os conectores mais importantes para dominar no C1

Se o objetivo é desenvolver uma escrita mais sofisticada, recomendo priorizar estes 20:

Conector	Significado
Furthermore	Além disso
Moreover	Ademais
Nevertheless	Não obstante
Nonetheless	Mesmo assim
Consequently	Consequentemente
Hence	Portanto; daí
Thereby	Dessa maneira
Whereas	Ao passo que
Nonetheless	Mesmo assim
Admittedly	É verdade que
Regardless of	Independentemente de
Provided that	Desde que
Assuming that	Supondo que
Subsequently	Posteriormente
Ultimately	Em última análise
Albeit	Embora
Conversely	Inversamente
In essence	Em essência
On balance	Considerando os prós e os contras
Notwithstanding	Não obstante

Uma recomendação importante: no nível C1, não é necessário utilizar conectores extremamente formais em todas as frases. O domínio avançado consiste em escolher o conector adequado ao contexto, variar as estruturas e evitar repetições desnecessárias.

Se quiser, posso transformar esse conteúdo em um teste de 100 questões de múltipla escolha sobre conectores B2/C1, com gabarito comentado.

Perguntas em inglês. Nível avançado

 

Como criar perguntas em inglês – nível avançado (C1–C2)

No inglês avançado, criar perguntas exige mais do que conhecer os auxiliares do, does, did e o verbo to be. É necessário dominar a inversão sujeito-auxiliar, as perguntas indiretas, as question tags, as perguntas negativas, as estruturas enfáticas e as diferentes formas de formular perguntas de maneira formal e sofisticada.

A seguir, apresento uma explicação detalhada com regras, exemplos e traduções.

1. Perguntas diretas – Direct questions

A estrutura mais comum das perguntas em inglês é:

Question word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb?

Estrutura	Exemplo	Tradução
What + do + subject + verb?	What do you think?	O que você pensa?
Where + did + subject + verb?	Where did she go?	Aonde ela foi?
Why + has + subject + participle?	Why has he left?	Por que ele foi embora?
How + will + subject + verb?	How will they solve it?	Como eles resolverão isso?

No nível avançado, precisamos dominar especialmente as perguntas com diferentes tempos verbais e estruturas.

Exemplos avançados

- What would you have done in my position?
O que você teria feito na minha posição?

- How long have you been working on this project?
Há quanto tempo você está trabalhando neste projeto?

- Why hadn't they informed us about the changes?
Por que eles não tinham nos informado sobre as mudanças?

- What might have caused such a dramatic change?
O que poderia ter causado uma mudança tão drástica?

2. Perguntas com inversão – Inversion

Uma característica importante do inglês formal e avançado é a inversão entre o sujeito e o verbo auxiliar depois de determinadas expressões negativas ou restritivas.

A estrutura normalmente é:

Negative expression + auxiliary + subject + main verb

Observe que essa estrutura também é utilizada em frases afirmativas com sentido negativo ou restritivo.

Expressão	Exemplo	Tradução
Never	Never have I seen such a thing.	Nunca vi algo assim.
Rarely	Rarely do we encounter this problem.	Raramente encontramos esse problema.
Seldom	Seldom does he complain.	Raramente ele reclama.
Not only	Not only did she apologize, but she also offered help.	Ela não apenas pediu desculpas, mas também ofereceu ajuda.
Under no circumstances	Under no circumstances should you reveal this information.	Em hipótese alguma você deve revelar esta informação.
Not until	Not until midnight did they arrive.	Somente à meia-noite eles chegaram.

Como transformar em perguntas?

A inversão também aparece naturalmente nas perguntas:

• Rarely does he make mistakes, does he?

• Under no circumstances would you accept such an offer, would you?

Essas construções são sofisticadas e devem ser usadas de acordo com o contexto.

3. Perguntas indiretas – Indirect questions

As perguntas indiretas são utilizadas para demonstrar educação, formalidade ou diplomacia.

São muito comuns em ambientes profissionais, acadêmicos e situações formais.

Estrutura:

Introdução + question word + sujeito + verbo.

Observe que não utilizamos a ordem interrogativa dentro da pergunta indireta.

Pergunta direta	Pergunta indireta
Where is the station?	Could you tell me where the station is?
What does he want?	Do you know what he wants?
Why did she leave?	Could you explain why she left?
When will they arrive?	Do you happen to know when they will arrive?

Outras expressões úteis:

• Would you mind telling me...? – Você se importaria de me dizer...?

• I was wondering whether... – Eu estava me perguntando se...

• Could you possibly explain...? – Você poderia explicar...?

• Do you happen to know...? – Por acaso você sabe...?

• Would it be possible to find out...? – Seria possível descobrir...?

Atenção: nas perguntas indiretas, não fazemos a inversão do sujeito com o auxiliar.

Incorreto: Could you tell me where is he?

Correto: Could you tell me where he is?

4. Perguntas negativas – Negative questions

São utilizadas para expressar surpresa, expectativa, indignação ou para confirmar uma informação.

Estrutura:

Auxiliary + subject + not + main verb?

Exemplos:

- Don't you think we should reconsider our decision?
Você não acha que deveríamos reconsiderar nossa decisão?

- Haven't you finished the report yet?
Você ainda não terminou o relatório?

- Wouldn't it be better to postpone the meeting?
Não seria melhor adiar a reunião?

- Isn't it rather unusual for him to behave like that?
Não é um tanto incomum ele se comportar assim?

- Shouldn't we have informed them beforehand?
Não deveríamos tê-los informado antecipadamente?

5. Question tags – Perguntas de confirmação

As question tags são pequenas perguntas adicionadas ao final de uma afirmação.

São utilizadas para confirmar informações, buscar concordância ou manter uma conversa.

Regra geral:

• Frase afirmativa + tag negativa.

• Frase negativa + tag afirmativa.

Afirmação	Question tag
She is talented, isn't she?	Ela é talentosa, não é?
They haven't arrived, have they?	Eles não chegaram, chegaram?
He could have helped, couldn't he?	Ele poderia ter ajudado, não poderia?
You wouldn't mind, would you?	Você não se importaria, certo?
We should have called, shouldn't we?	Deveríamos ter ligado, não deveríamos?

Casos especiais

- I'm late, aren't I?
Estou atrasado, não estou?

- Let's discuss this later, shall we?
Vamos discutir isso mais tarde, certo?

- Nobody called, did they?
Ninguém ligou, não foi?

- Nothing has changed, has it?
Nada mudou, não é?

6. Perguntas com preposições – Preposition questions

No inglês avançado, é importante saber formular perguntas nas quais a preposição aparece no final ou no início da construção.

Forma informal:

- Who are you talking to?
Com quem você está falando?

- What are you looking for?
O que você está procurando?

- Which company does she work for?
Para qual empresa ela trabalha?

Forma formal:

- To whom are you speaking?
Com quem você está falando?

- For what purpose was the research conducted?
Com que finalidade a pesquisa foi realizada?

- With whom did you discuss the matter?
Com quem você discutiu o assunto?

A segunda construção é mais formal e aparece frequentemente em textos acadêmicos e situações profissionais.

7. Perguntas com estruturas enfáticas – Cleft questions

Essas estruturas permitem destacar uma informação específica.

São muito úteis para formular perguntas mais sofisticadas.

What... is...

- What I would like to know is why you rejected the proposal.
O que eu gostaria de saber é por que você rejeitou a proposta.

- What concerns me most is whether we can afford the investment.
O que mais me preocupa é se podemos arcar com o investimento.

The reason why...

- The reason why I am asking is that we need more information.
A razão pela qual estou perguntando é que precisamos de mais informações.

It is/was... that...

- Is it the lack of experience that worries you?
É a falta de experiência que preocupa você?

- Was it John who suggested the alternative?
Foi John quem sugeriu a alternativa?

8. Perguntas hipotéticas e especulativas

No nível C1–C2, é essencial saber formular perguntas sobre situações imaginárias, possibilidades e acontecimentos que não ocorreram.

Estrutura	Exemplo	Tradução
What if...?	What if we had taken a different approach?	E se tivéssemos adotado uma abordagem diferente?
Suppose...?	Suppose you were offered the job. What would you do?	Suponha que lhe oferecessem o emprego. O que faria?
How would...?	How would you have reacted in that situation?	Como você teria reagido naquela situação?
To what extent...?	To what extent can technology influence human behaviour?	Até que ponto a tecnologia pode influenciar o comportamento humano?
Under what circumstances...?	Under what circumstances would you reconsider your decision?	Em quais circunstâncias você reconsideraria sua decisão?

9. Vocabulário para formular perguntas avançadas

Para evitar perguntas muito simples e repetitivas, utilize estruturas e expressões mais sofisticadas.

Expressão	Tradução
To what extent...?	Até que ponto...?
In what ways...?	De que maneiras...?
How significant...?	Quão significativo...?
What implications...?	Quais implicações...?
What are the underlying reasons...?	Quais são as razões subjacentes...?
How likely...?	Qual é a probabilidade...?
What would account for...?	O que explicaria...?
How does this relate to...?	Como isso se relaciona com...?
What alternatives could be considered...?	Quais alternativas poderiam ser consideradas...?
What might have prevented...?	O que poderia ter evitado...?

10. Atividades práticas – Nível C1

Exercício 1 – Transforme as perguntas diretas em perguntas indiretas.

Exemplo:

Where does she live?

Could you tell me where she lives?

1. Why did they cancel the conference?

2. What has he been doing lately?

3. When will the results be announced?

4. How much does the project cost?

5. Why hasn't she responded to the email?

6. Where can we find additional information?

7. What would have happened if they had refused?

8. How long has the company been operating?

9. Who is responsible for the decision?

10. Why should we reconsider the proposal?

Exercício 2 – Complete com a estrutura correta.

1. Never ______ I witnessed such an extraordinary event.

2. Rarely ______ she make such careless mistakes.

3. Under no circumstances ______ you disclose this information.

4. Not until the following morning ______ they realize their mistake.

5. Not only ______ he apologize, but he also offered compensation.

6. Seldom ______ we encounter such a challenging situation.

7. Little ______ she know about the consequences of her decision.

8. Only after the investigation ______ the truth become apparent.

9. No sooner ______ we arrived than it started raining.

10. Hardly ______ he finished speaking when someone interrupted him.

Exercício 3 – Crie perguntas utilizando as expressões abaixo.

1. To what extent...

2. Under what circumstances...

3. What would you have done if...

4. How likely is it that...

5. What might have caused...

6. In what ways...

7. Would you mind explaining...

8. What are the implications of...

9. How would society change if...

10. What is the main reason why...

11. Perguntas para conversação – C1/C2

Estas perguntas podem ser utilizadas em aulas de conversação avançada.

1. To what extent should governments be held accountable for the decisions made by artificial intelligence?

2. How might society have evolved if the internet had never been invented?

3. Under what circumstances would you consider compromising your personal principles?

4. What are the underlying factors that contribute to the increasing polarization of society?

5. How likely is it that technological advancements will eventually make traditional education obsolete?

6. In what ways could social media have influenced the development of younger generations?

7. What would you consider to be the most significant ethical dilemma facing humanity today?

8. Had you been given the opportunity to change one major decision in your life, what would it have been?

9. To what extent does economic prosperity depend on political stability?

10. What measures could have been implemented to prevent the current environmental challenges?

Gabarito das atividades

Exercício 1

1. Could you tell me why they cancelled the conference?

2. Could you tell me what he has been doing lately?

3. Do you know when the results will be announced?

4. Could you tell me how much the project costs?

5. Do you know why she hasn't responded to the email?

6. Could you tell me where we can find additional information?

7. Do you know what would have happened if they had refused?

8. Could you tell me how long the company has been operating?

9. Do you know who is responsible for the decision?

10. Could you explain why we should reconsider the proposal?

Exercício 2

1. have

2. does

3. should

4. did

5. did

6. do

7. did

8. did

9. had

10. had

Teste de inglês C1–C2: Formação de perguntas (100 questões)

Conteúdos avaliados:

• Direct and indirect questions

• Subject and object questions

• Inversion

• Negative questions

• Question tags

• Embedded questions

• Preposition questions

• Hypothetical questions

• Cleft questions

• Formal and advanced question structures

Nível C1–C2

100 questões

Instruções: escolha a alternativa que completa corretamente cada pergunta. Há apenas uma resposta correta por questão.

Parte 1 – Direct and indirect questions

1. Could you tell me where ______?

A) is the nearest bank
B) the nearest bank is
C) does the nearest bank be
D) was the nearest bank

2. Do you happen to know why ______ the meeting?

A) did they postpone
B) they did postpone
C) they postponed
D) postponed they

3. I was wondering whether ______ available tomorrow.

A) are you
B) you are
C) do you be
D) will you are

4. Could you explain how long ______ here?

A) have you been working
B) you have been working
C) did you work
D) are you working

5. Would you mind telling me what ______ about the proposal?

A) do you think
B) you think
C) think you
D) are you think

6. Do you know when ______ announced?

A) will the results be
B) the results will be
C) the results be
D) will be the results

7. Could you possibly explain why ______ so unexpectedly?

A) has he resigned
B) he has resigned
C) did he resign
D) he resigns

8. I would appreciate it if you could tell me how ______.

A) can this problem be solved
B) this problem can be solved
C) solve this problem can
D) this problem solved can

9. Do you have any idea what ______ such a dramatic change?

A) might have caused
B) might caused have
C) did might cause
D) might have cause

10. Could you clarify whether ______ the necessary documents?

A) have they submitted
B) they have submitted
C) did they submitted
D) submitted they have

Parte 2 – Subject and object questions

11. Who ______ the final decision?

A) did make
B) made
C) does made
D) was make

12. Who did you say ______ responsible for the incident?

A) was
B) did
C) were
D) has

13. Which candidate ______ the highest score?

A) did achieve
B) achieved
C) does achieved
D) has achieve

14. Who ______ you think should lead the investigation?

A) do
B) does
C) did
D) are

15. What ______ during the negotiations?

A) happened
B) did happen it
C) was happen
D) did happened

16. Who did the manager ______ to represent the company?

A) chose
B) choosing
C) choose
D) chosen

17. Which of these explanations ______ the most convincing?

A) do seem
B) seems
C) does seems
D) seem it

18. Who ______ the confidential information?

A) did leak
B) leaked
C) was leak
D) does leaked

19. What ______ you believe caused the misunderstanding?

A) do
B) does
C) is
D) has

20. Who was it that ______ the original proposal?

A) make
B) making
C) made
D) did made

Parte 3 – Inversion

21. Never before ______ such an extraordinary performance.

A) I have witnessed
B) have I witnessed
C) I witnessed have
D) did I witnessed

22. Rarely ______ such dedication among young professionals.

A) we encounter
B) do we encounter
C) we do encounters
D) encounter we

23. Not until the investigation was completed ______ the truth.

A) they discovered
B) did they discover
C) they did discovered
D) discovered they

24. Under no circumstances ______ confidential information.

A) you should reveal
B) should you reveal
C) you reveal should
D) do you should reveal

25. Little ______ how serious the situation was.

A) she realized
B) did she realize
C) she did realized
D) realized she

26. No sooner ______ the building than the alarm went off.

A) we had entered
B) had we entered
C) did we entered
D) we entered had

27. Hardly ______ when the telephone rang.

A) had I sat down
B) I had sat down
C) did I sat down
D) I sat down had

28. Not only ______ the project, but he also secured additional funding.

A) he completed
B) did he complete
C) completed he
D) he did completed

29. Only after several attempts ______ to solve the problem.

A) they managed
B) did they manage
C) they did managed
D) managed they

30. Seldom ______ such an opportunity.

A) people have
B) do people have
C) people do has
D) have people do

Parte 4 – Negative questions

31. ______ you think we should reconsider our decision?

A) Aren't
B) Don't
C) Didn't
D) Haven't

32. ______ she informed you about the changes yet?

A) Hasn't
B) Doesn't
C) Didn't
D) Isn't

33. Wouldn't it be better ______ the meeting?

A) postpone
B) postponing
C) to postpone
D) postponed

34. ______ they have warned us about the potential risks?

A) Shouldn't
B) Don't
C) Aren't
D) Won't

35. Isn't it unusual ______ such a serious mistake?

A) him making
B) for him to make
C) he make
D) to him make

36. Haven't you considered ______ professional advice?

A) to seek
B) seek
C) seeking
D) sought

37. Didn't you realize that the situation ______ considerably?

A) had deteriorated
B) has deteriorate
C) did deteriorated
D) deteriorating

38. Shouldn't we ______ this issue before proceeding?

A) discussed
B) discussing
C) discuss
D) to discuss

39. Wouldn't you rather ______ at home tonight?

A) staying
B) stay
C) to stay
D) stayed

40. Isn't there anything else that ______ done?

A) can be
B) can
C) being
D) be

Parte 5 – Question tags

41. Nobody informed you about the decision, ______?

A) did they
B) didn't they
C) were they
D) had they

42. She hardly ever complains, ______?

A) doesn't she
B) does she
C) isn't she
D) did she

43. Let's discuss the matter tomorrow, ______?

A) will we
B) do we
C) shall we
D) won't we

44. I'm expected to attend the conference, ______?

A) am I
B) aren't I
C) don't I
D) isn't it

45. They would have accepted the offer, ______?

A) wouldn't they
B) would they
C) hadn't they
D) didn't they

46. Nothing has changed, ______?

A) hasn't it
B) has it
C) did it
D) doesn't it

47. You'd better inform the director, ______?

A) hadn't you
B) wouldn't you
C) didn't you
D) shouldn't you

48. She used to work here, ______?

A) usedn't she
B) didn't she
C) doesn't she
D) hadn't she

49. There is little chance of success, ______?

A) is there
B) isn't there
C) does there
D) isn't it

50. He rarely visits his relatives, ______?

A) doesn't he
B) does he
C) isn't he
D) did he

Parte 6 – Advanced question structures

51. To what extent ______ responsible for the current crisis?

A) governments are
B) are governments
C) governments do
D) do governments are

52. Under what circumstances ______ your position?

A) would you reconsider
B) you would reconsider
C) would reconsider you
D) you reconsider would

53. In what ways ______ influence human behaviour?

A) technology does
B) does technology
C) technology is
D) is technology

54. What might ______ such an unexpected outcome?

A) have contributed to
B) contributed to have
C) have contribute to
D) has contributed to

55. How likely ______ the negotiations to succeed?

A) is it for
B) it is for
C) does it
D) is for it

56. What are the implications of ______ the agreement?

A) reject
B) rejecting
C) rejected
D) to rejecting

57. How significant ______ in determining the outcome?

A) this factor is
B) is this factor
C) does this factor
D) this factor does

58. What would account ______ the sudden decline in sales?

A) for
B) to
C) with
D) about

59. How could the situation ______ prevented?

A) have been
B) has been
C) be have
D) had been

60. What is the main reason why ______ the proposal?

A) they rejected
B) did they reject
C) rejected they
D) they did rejected

Parte 7 – Preposition questions

61. Who are you referring ______?

A) at
B) for
C) to
D) with

62. ______ whom was the decision communicated?

A) To
B) At
C) For
D) By

63. What are you so concerned ______?

A) of
B) about
C) with
D) at

64. Which organization does she work ______?

A) to
B) by
C) for
D) from

65. ______ what grounds was the application rejected?

A) On
B) At
C) By
D) In

66. Who did you obtain this information ______?

A) of
B) from
C) by
D) into

67. What does this theory consist ______?

A) in
B) of
C) at
D) for

68. ______ whom did you discuss the matter?

A) To
B) At
C) With
D) From

69. What are the consequences ______ failing to comply with the regulations?

A) of
B) to
C) for
D) with

70. What does this decision depend ______?

A) of
B) on
C) with
D) at

Parte 8 – Hypothetical questions

71. What would you have done if you ______ the opportunity?

A) had been given
B) were given
C) would be given
D) have been given

72. Suppose you ______ offered a position abroad. Would you accept it?

A) are
B) were
C) have
D) will be

73. What might have happened if the company ______ earlier?

A) had intervened
B) intervened
C) would intervene
D) has intervened

74. How would society change if artificial intelligence ______ most routine jobs?

A) replaces
B) replaced
C) had replaced
D) would replace

75. Had you known about the consequences, ______ differently?

A) would you have acted
B) did you act
C) you would act
D) would you act

76. What if the government ______ to implement the proposed reforms?

A) refuses
B) had refused
C) would refuse
D) refusing

77. If you were in charge, what measures ______ to address the problem?

A) would you implement
B) will you implement
C) did you implement
D) have you implemented

78. What would have been different if they ______ the original agreement?

A) hadn't signed
B) wouldn't sign
C) don't sign
D) haven't signed

79. How might your career ______ if you had studied abroad?

A) develop
B) developed
C) have developed
D) had develop

80. Suppose you ______ the chance to start your life again. What would you change?

A) have
B) had
C) would have
D) will have

Parte 9 – Cleft questions and emphasis

81. Is it the lack of funding ______ the project?

A) what threatens
B) that threatens
C) which threaten
D) who threatens

82. What I would like to know ______ why the proposal was rejected.

A) are
B) is
C) be
D) were

83. Was it John ______ the alternative solution?

A) which suggested
B) who suggested
C) whom suggested
D) whose suggested

84. What concerns me most ______ whether we can meet the deadline.

A) are
B) have
C) is
D) were

85. Is it the economic situation ______ is preventing further investment?

A) who
B) what
C) that
D) whom

86. What exactly ______ you expect us to do?

A) are
B) do
C) have
D) does

87. It was only after the meeting ______ the real problem became apparent.

A) when
B) which
C) that
D) what

88. What makes this situation particularly challenging ______ the lack of reliable information.

A) are
B) is
C) have
D) were

89. Was it because of the unexpected costs ______ they abandoned the project?

A) what
B) who
C) that
D) where

90. What matters most ______ how effectively we implement the strategy.

A) are
B) is
C) were
D) have

Parte 10 – Mixed advanced questions

91. Which of the following questions is grammatically correct?

A) Could you tell me what does this mean?
B) Could you tell me what this means?
C) Could you tell me what means this?
D) Could you tell me what is mean this?

92. Which sentence contains a correct inversion?

A) Rarely I have seen such behaviour.
B) Rarely have I seen such behaviour.
C) Rarely did I saw such behaviour.
D) Rarely I did see such behaviour.

93. Which question is the most formal?

A) Who did you speak to?
B) Who you spoke to?
C) To whom did you speak?
D) To who you spoke?

94. Which sentence is grammatically correct?

A) How long have you been knowing him?
B) How long do you know him?
C) How long have you known him?
D) How long are you knowing him?

95. Which question correctly uses the third conditional?

A) What would you do if you had known?
B) What would you have done if you had known?
C) What did you have done if you knew?
D) What would have you done if you know?

96. Which sentence is grammatically correct?

A) Not until yesterday I understood the problem.
B) Not until yesterday did I understand the problem.
C) Not until yesterday I did understand the problem.
D) Not until yesterday understood I the problem.

97. Which question tag is correct?

Nobody has contacted us, ______?

A) hasn't they
B) have they
C) has he
D) haven't they

98. Which sentence is grammatically correct?

A) I wonder why did she leave.
B) I wonder why she left.
C) I wonder why does she left.
D) I wonder why she did left.

99. Which question is grammatically correct?

A) What would have caused such a reaction?
B) What would caused have such a reaction?
C) What have would caused such a reaction?
D) What would have cause such a reaction?

100. Which sentence demonstrates correct advanced question formation?

A) To what extent do these factors contribute to the problem?
B) To what extent these factors do contribute to the problem?
C) To what extent does these factors contribute to the problem?
D) To what extent are these factors contribute to the problem?