Aqui vai um conjunto de 50 perguntas em inglês para uma entrevista de Security Engineer, com respostas-modelo claras, profissionais e realistas, no nível esperado para entrevistas técnicas e comportamentais.
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## 🔐 Security Engineer – Interview Questions & Best Answers
### 1. What does a Security Engineer do?
A Security Engineer designs, implements, and maintains security systems to protect an organization’s networks, applications, and data from cyber threats.
### 2. What is the CIA triad?
The CIA triad stands for **Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability**, which are the three core principles of information security.
### 3. How do you ensure data confidentiality?
By using encryption, access controls, authentication mechanisms, and least-privilege policies.
### 4. What is the principle of least privilege?
It means users and systems should have only the minimum access necessary to perform their tasks.
### 5. What is a firewall?
A firewall is a security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined rules.
### 6. Difference between IDS and IPS?
An **IDS** detects threats and alerts, while an **IPS** actively blocks or prevents malicious traffic.
### 7. What is encryption?
Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded form to prevent unauthorized access.
### 8. Symmetric vs asymmetric encryption?
Symmetric uses one shared key, while asymmetric uses a public and a private key.
### 9. What is multi-factor authentication (MFA)?
MFA requires two or more verification factors, such as a password and a one-time code, to access a system.
### 10. What is a vulnerability?
A vulnerability is a weakness in a system that can be exploited by an attacker.
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### 11. What is penetration testing?
It is a controlled attack simulation used to identify security weaknesses before real attackers do.
### 12. What tools have you used for security testing?
Tools like Nmap, Burp Suite, Metasploit, Wireshark, and Nessus.
### 13. What is a zero-day vulnerability?
A vulnerability that is unknown to the vendor and has no available patch.
### 14. How do you handle incident response?
By identifying the threat, containing it, eradicating the cause, recovering systems, and documenting lessons learned.
### 15. What is SIEM?
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) collects and analyzes security logs in real time.
### 16. Why is log monitoring important?
It helps detect suspicious activities, security breaches, and system anomalies.
### 17. What is phishing?
Phishing is a social engineering attack that tricks users into revealing sensitive information.
### 18. How can phishing be prevented?
Through user training, email filtering, MFA, and security awareness programs.
### 19. What is a DDoS attack?
A Distributed Denial of Service attack overwhelms a system with traffic to make it unavailable.
### 20. How do you mitigate DDoS attacks?
Using rate limiting, CDNs, traffic filtering, and cloud-based protection services.
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### 21. What is endpoint security?
It protects devices like laptops and servers from threats using antivirus, EDR, and policies.
### 22. What is EDR?
Endpoint Detection and Response monitors endpoint activity and responds to threats in real time.
### 23. What is network segmentation?
Dividing a network into smaller parts to limit the spread of attacks.
### 24. What is a secure SDLC?
A Secure Software Development Life Cycle integrates security at every development stage.
### 25. What is OWASP Top 10?
A list of the most critical web application security risks.
### 26. What is SQL injection?
An attack that exploits database queries by inserting malicious SQL code.
### 27. How do you secure APIs?
By using authentication, authorization, rate limiting, encryption, and input validation.
### 28. What is IAM?
Identity and Access Management controls who can access systems and resources.
### 29. What is cloud security?
It involves protecting cloud infrastructure, data, and services from threats.
### 30. Shared responsibility model?
In the cloud, the provider secures the infrastructure, and the customer secures data and configurations.
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### 31. How do you keep systems secure?
By applying patches, monitoring logs, conducting audits, and enforcing security policies.
### 32. What is risk assessment?
Identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing security risks to reduce potential impact.
### 33. What is compliance?
Following legal, regulatory, and industry security standards like ISO 27001 or GDPR.
### 34. How do you explain security to non-technical people?
By using simple language, real examples, and focusing on business impact.
### 35. What is a security policy?
A document defining rules and best practices for protecting information assets.
### 36. What is social engineering?
Manipulating people into revealing confidential information.
### 37. How do you stay updated on security trends?
By reading security blogs, attending conferences, and following threat intelligence sources.
### 38. What is threat modeling?
Identifying potential threats and designing defenses during system design.
### 39. What is backup and why is it important?
Backup copies data to recover from attacks, failures, or accidental deletion.
### 40. What is ransomware?
Malware that encrypts data and demands payment for recovery.
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### 41. How do you respond to ransomware?
Isolate systems, restore backups, investigate the breach, and improve defenses.
### 42. What is PKI?
Public Key Infrastructure manages digital certificates and encryption keys.
### 43. What is a secure configuration?
System settings that reduce vulnerabilities and attack surfaces.
### 44. Why is patch management important?
It fixes known vulnerabilities and prevents exploitation.
### 45. What is defense in depth?
Using multiple layers of security controls instead of a single solution.
### 46. What is an audit?
A review of systems and processes to ensure security compliance.
### 47. What soft skills are important for a Security Engineer?
Communication, problem-solving, teamwork, and attention to detail.
### 48. How do you prioritize vulnerabilities?
Based on risk, exploitability, and business impact.
### 49. Why do you want to work as a Security Engineer?
Because I enjoy protecting systems, solving complex problems, and continuously learning.
### 50. Why should we hire you?
I combine technical expertise, security best practices, and strong communication skills to protect the organization.
