O Past Participle (particípio passado)

O past participle (particípio passado) é uma das formas mais importantes dos verbos em inglês. Ele aparece em várias estruturas: Present Perfect, Past Perfect, voz passiva, terceira coluna dos verbos irregulares, adjetivos, entre outras.

1. O que é o Past Participle?

Em inglês, muitos verbos são apresentados em três formas principais:

Infinitivo	Simple Past	Past Participle	Português
work	worked	worked	trabalhar
play	played	played	jogar
study	studied	studied	estudar
go	went	gone	ir
eat	ate	eaten	comer
see	saw	seen	ver
write	wrote	written	escrever
take	took	taken	pegar/levar
speak	spoke	spoken	falar
do	did	done	fazer

O past participle é a terceira forma do verbo.

Por exemplo:

GO → WENT → GONE

• go = infinitivo

• went = simple past

• gone = past participle

É importante não confundir:

I went to London.
Eu fui para Londres.

Aqui usamos went, porque estamos usando o Simple Past.

I have gone to London.
Eu fui para Londres / Eu tenho ido para Londres.

Aqui usamos gone, porque temos a estrutura do Present Perfect:

have + past participle

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2. Past Participle dos verbos regulares

Nos verbos regulares, normalmente o Simple Past e o Past Participle são iguais.

Por exemplo:

Infinitivo	Past	Past Participle
work	worked	worked
play	played	played
open	opened	opened
clean	cleaned	cleaned
visit	visited	visited
watch	watched	watched
study	studied	studied

Observe:

WORK → WORKED → WORKED

Exemplos:

I worked yesterday.
Eu trabalhei ontem.

worked = Simple Past.

Agora:

I have worked here for five years.
Eu trabalho aqui há cinco anos.

worked = Past Participle.

A palavra é igual, mas a função gramatical é diferente.

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3. Past Participle dos verbos irregulares

Aqui está uma das partes mais importantes.

Nos verbos irregulares, o Past Participle geralmente não segue uma regra simples.

Alguns exemplos:

Infinitivo	Simple Past	Past Participle	Português
be	was/were	been	ser/estar
become	became	become	tornar-se
begin	began	begun	começar
break	broke	broken	quebrar
bring	brought	brought	trazer
buy	bought	bought	comprar
choose	chose	chosen	escolher
come	came	come	vir
do	did	done	fazer
drink	drank	drunk	beber
drive	drove	driven	dirigir
eat	ate	eaten	comer
find	found	found	encontrar
forget	forgot	forgotten	esquecer
give	gave	given	dar
go	went	gone	ir
know	knew	known	saber/conhecer
leave	left	left	sair/deixar
make	made	made	fazer
see	saw	seen	ver
speak	spoke	spoken	falar
take	took	taken	pegar/levar
write	wrote	written	escrever

Por isso, é importante memorizar o verbo nas três formas.

Por exemplo:

WRITE – WROTE – WRITTEN

e não simplesmente:

write – wrote – "wrote"

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4. Para que usamos o Past Participle?

O Past Participle tem várias funções.

As principais são:

1. Present Perfect

have/has + past participle

2. Past Perfect

had + past participle

3. Future Perfect

will have + past participle

4. Voz passiva

be + past participle

5. Adjetivos

Muitos particípios passados funcionam como adjetivos.

Vamos estudar cada caso.

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5. Past Participle no Present Perfect

Uma das utilizações mais importantes é com o Present Perfect.

Estrutura:

have/has + past participle

Exemplos

I have finished my work.
Eu terminei meu trabalho.

have + finished

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She has visited Spain three times.
Ela visitou a Espanha três vezes.

has + visited

---

We have seen this movie before.
Nós já vimos este filme antes.

have + seen

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He has eaten breakfast.
Ele tomou café da manhã.

has + eaten

Observe:

eat → ate → eaten

Não podemos dizer:

❌ He has ate breakfast.

O correto é:

✅ He has eaten breakfast.

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6. Past Participle no Past Perfect

O Past Perfect usa:

had + past participle

Exemplo:

I had finished the work before he arrived.
Eu tinha terminado o trabalho antes de ele chegar.

Temos:

had + finished

Outro exemplo:

She had already left when I called her.
Ela já tinha saído quando eu liguei para ela.

had + left

Observe:

leave → left → left

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Outro:

They had eaten before the meeting started.
Eles tinham comido antes de a reunião começar.

had + eaten

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7. Past Participle no Future Perfect

Também podemos usar o Past Participle no Future Perfect.

Estrutura:

will have + past participle

Exemplo:

I will have finished the project by Friday.
Eu terei terminado o projeto até sexta-feira.

will have + finished

Outro:

She will have arrived by 8 p.m.
Ela terá chegado até as 20h.

will have + arrived

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8. Past Participle na voz passiva

Outra função fundamental é formar a Passive Voice.

A estrutura básica é:

be + past participle

Por exemplo:

The car was repaired.
O carro foi consertado.

Temos:

was + repaired

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The house was built in 1990.
A casa foi construída em 1990.

was + built

Observe:

build → built → built

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English is spoken here.
Inglês é falado aqui.

is + spoken

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The book was written by George Orwell.
O livro foi escrito por George Orwell.

was + written

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9. O Past Participle pode aparecer com diferentes formas de "be"

Isso é muito importante.

O verbo be muda de acordo com o tempo verbal, mas o verbo principal permanece no Past Participle.

Compare:

Present Passive

The car is repaired every week.
O carro é consertado toda semana.

is + repaired

Past Passive

The car was repaired yesterday.
O carro foi consertado ontem.

was + repaired

Present Perfect Passive

The car has been repaired.
O carro foi consertado / O carro já foi consertado.

has + been + repaired

Future Passive

The car will be repaired tomorrow.
O carro será consertado amanhã.

will + be + repaired

Perceba que repaired continua sendo Past Participle.

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10. Past Participle como adjetivo

O Past Participle também pode funcionar como um adjetivo.

Por exemplo:

a broken window
uma janela quebrada

broken vem de:

break → broke → broken

Outro:

a closed door
uma porta fechada

closed vem de:

close → closed → closed

Outro:

an interesting book
um livro interessante

Aqui temos uma diferença importante entre -ing e -ed.

Compare:

The movie is boring.
O filme é entediante.

I am bored.
Eu estou entediado.

boring descreve aquilo que causa a sensação.

bored descreve a pessoa que sente a sensação.

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11. -ED × -ING

Essa diferença é extremamente importante para estudantes de inglês.

Compare:

-ING	-ED
interesting	interested
boring	bored
exciting	excited
confusing	confused
tiring	tired
surprising	surprised
frightening	frightened
disappointing	disappointed

Exemplos

The class was interesting.
A aula foi interessante.

The students were interested.
Os alunos ficaram interessados.

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The exercise was tiring.
O exercício foi cansativo.

I was tired after the exercise.
Eu estava cansado depois do exercício.

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The movie was frightening.
O filme era assustador.

The children were frightened.
As crianças ficaram assustadas.

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12. Cuidado: nem todo Past Participle é usado como passado

Esse é um ponto muito importante.

O nome past participle pode dar a impressão de que ele sempre indica passado.

Não é verdade.

Veja:

I have eaten.
Eu comi / Eu tenho comido.

Aqui eaten é Past Participle.

Mas:

The food is eaten by the children.
A comida é comida pelas crianças.

Aqui eaten também é Past Participle, mas estamos no presente passivo.

Portanto:

Past Participle ≠ necessariamente passado.

Ele é uma forma verbal, e o tempo/estrutura depende dos auxiliares.

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13. Diferença entre Simple Past e Past Participle

Essa é provavelmente a maior dificuldade para estudantes brasileiros.

Compare:

Simple Past

I saw John yesterday.
Eu vi John ontem.

saw = Simple Past

Present Perfect

I have seen John before.
Eu já vi John antes.

seen = Past Participle

O verbo é:

SEE – SAW – SEEN

Outro exemplo:

Simple Past

She wrote a letter.
Ela escreveu uma carta.

wrote = Simple Past

Present Perfect

She has written a letter.
Ela escreveu uma carta / Ela já escreveu uma carta.

written = Past Participle

WRITE – WROTE – WRITTEN

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14. Uma maneira fácil de identificar o Past Participle

Procure os auxiliares.

Se você encontrar:

HAVE / HAS + verbo

provavelmente temos Present Perfect:

I have eaten.
Eu comi.

HAD + verbo

Past Perfect:

I had eaten.
Eu tinha comido.

WILL HAVE + verbo

Future Perfect:

I will have eaten.
Eu terei comido.

BE + verbo

possivelmente voz passiva:

The food was eaten.
A comida foi comida.

HAVE + BEEN + verbo

Present Perfect Passive:

The car has been repaired.
O carro foi consertado.

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15. Os três principais usos em uma comparação

Veja o verbo write:

WRITE – WROTE – WRITTEN

Simple Past

I wrote a letter yesterday.
Eu escrevi uma carta ontem.

Present Perfect

I have written a letter.
Eu escrevi uma carta / Eu já escrevi uma carta.

Past Perfect

I had written a letter before dinner.
Eu tinha escrito uma carta antes do jantar.

Observe:

wrote → Simple Past

written → Past Participle

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16. Outro exemplo: GO

GO – WENT – GONE

Simple Past

She went to London last year.
Ela foi para Londres no ano passado.

Present Perfect

She has gone to London.
Ela foi para Londres / Ela está em Londres.

Past Perfect

She had gone to London before I arrived.
Ela tinha ido para Londres antes de eu chegar.

Aqui fica muito clara a diferença:

went = Simple Past

gone = Past Participle

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17. Verbos em que as três formas são iguais

Alguns verbos têm:

infinitivo = passado = particípio

Por exemplo:

Infinitivo	Past	Past Participle
cut	cut	cut
put	put	put
hit	hit	hit
hurt	hurt	hurt
let	let	let
cost	cost	cost

Exemplo:

I cut the paper yesterday.
Eu cortei o papel ontem.

I have cut the paper.
Eu cortei o papel / Eu já cortei o papel.

A forma escrita é cut nos dois casos.

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18. Verbos em que Past e Past Participle são iguais

Outro grupo importante:

Infinitivo	Past	Past Participle
buy	bought	bought
bring	brought	brought
have	had	had
make	made	made
find	found	found
feel	felt	felt
leave	left	left
lose	lost	lost
meet	met	met
say	said	said
sell	sold	sold
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought

Por exemplo:

BUY – BOUGHT – BOUGHT

I bought a new phone yesterday.
Eu comprei um telefone novo ontem.

I have bought a new phone.
Eu comprei um telefone novo.

A forma bought é usada tanto no Simple Past quanto como Past Participle.

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19. Os verbos mais importantes para memorizar

Para quem está estudando inglês, recomendo memorizar os verbos irregulares sempre em três colunas:

Verb	Past	Past Participle
be	was/were	been
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
buy	bought	bought
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
do	did	done
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feel	felt	felt
find	found	found
forget	forgot	forgotten
get	got	got/gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
have	had	had
know	knew	known
leave	left	left
make	made	made
meet	met	met
read	read	read
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
speak	spoke	spoken
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
understand	understood	understood
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

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20. Um detalhe importante: GET

O verbo get merece atenção porque possui duas formas de Past Participle bastante conhecidas:

GET → GOT → GOT/GOTTEN

No inglês britânico, got é muito comum.

No inglês americano, gotten também é muito utilizado.

I have got better.
Eu melhorei.

I have gotten better.
Eu melhorei.

Em alguns contextos, especialmente no inglês americano, gotten pode transmitir uma ideia diferente de got.

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21. Como estudar o Past Participle

Em vez de memorizar somente:

go = ir
went = foi
gone = ido

é melhor memorizar uma frase-modelo.

Por exemplo:

GO – WENT – GONE

I go to work every day.
Eu vou ao trabalho todos os dias.

I went to work yesterday.
Eu fui ao trabalho ontem.

I have gone to work.
Eu fui para o trabalho.

SEE – SAW – SEEN

I see my friends every week.
Eu vejo meus amigos toda semana.

I saw my friends yesterday.
Eu vi meus amigos ontem.

I have seen my friends this week.
Eu vi meus amigos esta semana.

Isso ajuda a associar forma + significado + contexto.

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22. Resumo visual

Pense no Past Participle desta maneira:

VERBO

↓

3 formas

GO → WENT → GONE

↓

GO = infinitivo

WENT = Simple Past

GONE = Past Participle

↓

O Past Participle aparece principalmente em:

HAVE/HAS + PP

I have gone.

HAD + PP

I had gone.

WILL HAVE + PP

I will have gone.

BE + PP

He was invited.

Adjetivo

a broken window

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A regra mais importante para guardar

Não pense:

Past Participle = passado

Pense:

Past Participle = uma forma específica do verbo que normalmente precisa de outra estrutura para funcionar.

Por exemplo:

WRITE → WROTE → WRITTEN

• wrote → passado simples

• written → particípio passado

E:

I wrote a letter.
Eu escrevi uma carta.

mas:

I have written a letter.
Eu escrevi/já escrevi uma carta.

e:

The letter was written yesterday.
A carta foi escrita ontem.

Assim, o Past Participle é fundamental para dominar Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect e Passive Voice, além de aparecer frequentemente como adjetivo.

Exercício

Complete as frases

Complete cada frase com o Past Participle do verbo entre parênteses.

1. I have ________ my homework. (do)
2. She has ________ three books this month. (read)
3. They have ________ to Spain twice. (go)
4. He has ________ a new car. (buy)
5. We have ________ this movie before. (see)
6. She had ________ dinner before I arrived. (eat)
7. They had ________ the house before the guests arrived. (clean)
8. I have never ________ sushi. (try)
9. He has ________ his keys again. (lose)
10. The window was ________ yesterday. (break)
11. The book was ________ by a famous author. (write)
12. English is ________ in many countries. (speak)
13. The students have ________ the exercise. (finish)
14. She has ________ her homework already. (finish)
15. We had ________ the problem before the meeting. (solve)
16. The letter was ________ yesterday morning. (send)
17. He has ________ his wallet at home. (forget)
18. The car has been ________ by the mechanic. (repair)
19. I have ________ that song many times. (hear)
20. The documents had been ________ before the meeting started. (prepare)

Gabarito

1. done
2. read
3. gone
4. bought
5. seen
6. eaten
7. cleaned
8. tried
9. lost
10. broken
11. written
12. spoken
13. finished
14. finished
15. solved
16. sent
17. forgotten
18. repaired
19. heard
20. prepared